Influence Building Design Occupant Behavior-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Influence Of Building Design On Occupant Behavior? Answer: Presentation It is basic information that there is a connection between the structure of the structure and the inhabitant conduct. Moreover, it isn't unexpected to see individuals battling to discover structures with better plans in spite of the significant expense for such structures. It is additionally a conviction that the propensity idea of the plan of the structure likewise impacts the inhabitant's asset use (Zhao, 2014). For example, the types of vitality utilized for cooking or in any event, lighting is exceptionally reliant on the sort of the structure. It is elusive individuals in working with delightful plans utilizing carbon wellsprings of vitality. This could be because of the way that they have higher financial status, in any case, the relationship between the plan and the manageable conduct is end up being more grounded than every single other factor that could advance their stay in structures with such structures (Hong, 2016). The expansion in information and abilities among the inhabitants will propel them against the high measure of vitality utilization. The plan of the structure which is vitality proficient has a more noteworthy commitment to both condition difficulties and monetary difficulties. People groups recognition In current occasions recently structured structures are created with respect to the approaching vitality emergency where there must be a solid need to investigate and address great practices that encourage great utilization of vitality. Great structured vitality proficient structures make great condition for the clients as it diminishes the expense of vitality. Individuals see that this structure improves comfort level for the tenants and there is a decrease of the vitality use as far as warming and lighting. Most land owners consider vitality productive structure since they pull in the tenants as they expend negligible vitality consequently minimal effort (Yu, et al, 2009). On the planet today most people consider this sort of structures since they financial matters the utilization of the sustainable type of vitality which defeats non-sustainable power sources, contamination and vitality utilization with respect to agreeableness, wellbeing and security conditions. Vitality proficient structures are picked for the clients' reasons that are the objective to devour little measure of vitality. Lower vitality utilization structures have vitality controllers and covers and they are assessed by the clients in regards to the area and the expense of vitality (Yun, Tuochy and Steemers, 2009). The privileged has couldn't care less disposition towards vitality utilization or use in the structure henceforth they don't respect sustainable power sources. The status of individuals or the pay at that point win causes them to have a sample of the upper side where they don't consider vitality effective structure which can assist them with saving the expenses or power bills. They subject the vitality productive structure with respect to the lower class work force who acquire low salary (Santin, et al, 2009). Understanding Tenants involve houses with respect to the pay and the work guidelines level along these lines lessening the expense of vitality thus sparing creation. There is clear sign that vitality productive structure can be appropriately worked and kept up, the work in the structure can be dependable and proficient as it requires a couple of fixes which are effectively done when they are required and they last more. The structures make conditions which are versatile since there are quality outside air and consistent and moderate good temperature that spurs inhabitants. Better vitality productive structure includes great protection framework, proficient windows, entryways and bay windows and high-effectiveness forced air systems and heaters. This sort of structures has a more noteworthy criticalness for enterprise or business to comprehend the worth the estimation of the entire structure and its offices henceforth it ought to be ecologically amicable. There is the decrease of waste as the structures improve arrival of noxious gas coming about to contamination and also, there is the utilization of characteristic assets, for example, water and power (Santin, et al, 2009). Vitality productive structures will utilize sustainable power sources which can be squandered for example this sustainable power source can be created because of building coordinated PV frameworks. Existing structures which expend a great deal of vitality will be redesigned or be connected to clean vitality systems. All structure ought to have brilliant meters and legitimate establishments to upgrade the structures to be adaptable or to limit the vitality use (Yun, Tuochy and Steemers, 2009). Because of the ease of use there exists angles for vitality productive structure that is the indoor climatic condition, warming, lighting, ventilation and specialized establishments. The development of new structures gives more opportunities to reconciliation of vitality effective administration quantifies that the old existing structures. Plainly vitality administrative machines like divider establishment are costly for existing structures yet very costly for new structures (Yun, Tuochy and Steemers, 2009). Consciousness of vitality utilization in the college building Making mindfulness for the vitality utilization by the utilization of vitality effective structure ought to be embraced. The accompanying measures ought to be thought of; the tenant vitality request ought to be decreased and the vitality that should be devoured ought to be given by sustainable power source which advances the vitality guidelines, the colleges should concentrate on the utilization of sunlight based boards, heat siphons, and buying of sustainable power sources while developing the new structures. Colleges fail to meet expectations in the side of vitality utilization, the inhabitants harbor master ecological preservation measures multi inhabitance of the vitality utilizes in the colleges shows how the vitality is expended. There is incredible need to present vitality administrative frameworks of sustainable wellsprings of vitality, such the utilization of biogas and sun oriented vitality which is cost sparing. It is basic for colleges to embrace approaches on the new structures which are vitality effective and this rule ought to be planned and actualized. The colleges ought to make mindfulness on the importance of vitality proficient structure through battles or the utilization of web based life by; illuminating the structure proprietors to empower the structures to work as clever units, that is by helping the structure to create sustainable power source frameworks; support, make changes move and move it to more prominent noteworthiness. Make mindfulness on the redesign of the structure normally to upgrade the great utilization of the accessible vitality. The college should advocate for no hindrance in development as the vitality changes make new difficulties, openings, and arrangements (Santin, et al., 2009). End There are different difficulties confronting tenants of vitality proficient structure that is from moving from one objective to functional measures on the best way to direct the utilization of vitality. It is conceivable to distinguish the highlights of vitality proficient structure that is outfitting it with fitting materials which are suitable to the area and the ecological Accounting, then again, the vitality effective structure ought to have the option to give conveniences and administrations which are vital for the tenants. An at long last the tenants must realize how to work in the lower vitality limit and vitality directing board ought to be made to improve the low degree of utilization subsequently low expenses. It is useful for people to receive the utilization of sustainable power source in the up and coming structure for the reasons for controlling contamination from non-inexhaustible types of vitality, for example, contamination and the pace of vitality utilization can be limited then again. At long last, the update of development to vitality productive structure should be refreshed opportunity to time. There is have to plan the structure envelope and appropriate frameworks of working to augment vitality utilization. The Morden lodging should take a gander at the PC model of reenactment to make an evaluation on the vitality use in the structures and recognize other vitality proficient estimates which are proper for example light material, straightforward rooftop sheets, ventilation plan, stack effective in the structure and empty blocks. It is critical to concentrate on sustainable power source or on ways on limiting vitality wastage. References Hong, T., Taylor-Lange, S. C., DOca, S., Yan, D., Corgnati S. P. (2016). Advances in exploration and utilizations of vitality related tenant conduct in building. Vitality and Buildings. 116, 694-702.Management. Santin, Olivia Guerra, Laure Itard, and Henk VIsscher, (2009). The impact of inhabitance and Building attributes on vitality use for space and water warming in Dutch private stock. Vitality and buildings,41(11),1223-1232. Yu, z., Fung, B. C., Haghighat, f., yoshino, H., Morofsky, E. (2010). A methodical strategy to consider the impact of tenant conduct on building vitality utilization. Vitality and Buildings, 43(6), 1409-1417. Yun, G. Y., Tuochy. P., and steemers, K (2009). Warm execution of a normally ventilated structure utilizing a joined calculation of probabilistic Business conduct and deterministic warmth and mass equalization models. Vitality and Buildings, 41(5), 489-499 Zhao, J., Lasternas, B., Lam, K. P., Yun, R., Loftness, V. (2014). Inhabitant conduct and calendar displaying for building vitality reproduction through office machine power utilization information mining. Vitality and Building, 82, 341-354

The Problems of Pollution essays

The Problems of Pollution articles I feel that contamination is a genuine and developing issue all through the present reality. Contamination is the tainting of the earths condition with materials that meddle with human wellbeing, the personal satisfaction, and common working of living things and their environmental factors. Albeit some ecological contamination is a consequence of normal causes, its greater part is brought about by human exercises; hence I accept that people have made a difficult which ought to be dealt with before different things. There are two fundamental classes of dirtying materials, or contaminations, biodegradable and nondegradable. Biodegradable toxins are materials, for example, sewage, that quickly decay by common procedures. These toxins become a difficult when added to the earth quicker than they can decay. Nondegradable contaminations are materials that either don't disintegrate or break down gradually into the regular habitat. When tainting happens, it is troublesome or difficult to expel these poisons from nature. Contamination dramatically affects regular assets. Biological systems, for example, woods, wetlands, coral reefs, and waterways perform numerous significant administrations for the earths condition. They improve water and air quality, give living space to plants and creatures, and give food and drugs. Any or these biological system capacities might be genuinely hindered or annihilated by contamination. In addition, due to the mind boggling connections among the numerous kinds of creatures and biological systems, natural pollution may have broad results that are not promptly evident or simple to foresee. For instance, the utilization of mist concentrates, which contain synthetics called CFCs, can harm the ozone layer. Pulverization of the ozone layer is anticipated to cause increments in skin malignant growth and waterfalls, harm to specific yields and to microscopic fish and the marine food web, and an expansion in carbon dioxide due to the decre ... <!

How Wrestling With Snapping Turtles Can Get You Into MIT

How Wrestling With Snapping Turtles Can Get You Into MIT As someone whose idea of Friday night fun in high school involved (a) spending three hours with a bunch of other nerds and a stack of pizza boxes, writing search algorithms to help fictional cows find salt licks in labyrinthine pastures, then (b) spending the next six hours buried elbow-deep in elbow grease, carcinogenic automotive lubricant, and a home-brewed mesh of gears, motors, and bike chain that could easily tear my scalp off as I debugged robot drivetrains, I was never completely sure what folks of different technical persuasions did for fun, until I came here. Let me introduce you to my next-door neighbor, Nora 12. An aspiring limnologist*, she works part-time at the New England Aquarium. In lieu of an interview, she jumped into the nearest tank and wrestled a rowdy octopus into submission.** The director gave her the job instantly. *limnology: the study of inland waters **DISCLAIMER: if you are anyone other than Nora, attempting to reenact this feat may result in serious injury, excessive brinyness, animal cruelty, or a restraining order. Any Chuck Norris Fact with his name replaced with Noras is true. If youre still having trouble visualizing her incredible badassitude, this picture should help. Here are just a few of the animals that Nora has housed during her stay at MIT: Yep, you get the picture. Whenever I interact with Nora, she smoothly beguiles me into poring for hours over topics like subtle differences in the anatomy of different whale subspecies, or the social behavior of catfish. If she ever decided to turn her powers against humanity, the world would probably be ruled by dolphins within a matter of weeks. Anyways, Nora was kind enough to do a QA for my blog, so enjoy! - Did other people from your high school know about MIT? What made you decide to come here? When people from my high school asked where I was going to college and I said MIT, I got a lot of blank looks. My school was in a small suburb outside of Madison, WI, and I was actually the first person to get into MIT. The major reasoning behind my decision to go here was that it was far away from my parents. For some reason, though, I think that inspired them to visit me more than they would have if I went to UW-Madison. What inspired you to get into limnology? Its like the (awesomer) freshwater version of marine biology. This field is notably much more prevalent back in Wisconsin. When I was little I took weekend classes where we would go ice fishing for northern pikes and then dissect them. How has being at MIT helped you in this regard? MIT has been really good for networking. It opens a lot of doorsfor example, my internship at the New England Aquarium last spring. Whats really great is that even though I have this really obscure interest in fish that MIT does not specialize in, I have had tons of great opportunities to pursue this interest through MIT connections. Also, I can keep fish tanks in my dorm room, which is a major plus. Tell us what working at the aquarium is like. Ridiculously awesome. I have gotten to do some of the coolest stuff: go swimming in some of the exhibits, sit in on a sea turtle surgery, and play with the octopus. The people there are also insanely awesome. Some of them spend most of their time swimming in Brazilian rivers or researching in Fiji. It doesnt get better than that. Do you have post-graduation plans, or any particular life goals? My parents said I couldnt take a job as a crab fisherman on Deadliest Catch, so I think I am going to settle for going to vet school after MIT and specializing in aquatic animal medicine. Im particularly interested in fish farm and hatchery management. However, if theres anything you learn during your time in college, its that plans change. Who knows what Ill be when I grow up. Tell us about your weirdest/funniest animal-related incident. I used to take my pet rats to class in the hood of my sweatshirt. They became proficient in differential equations, electricity and magnetism, and basic Python programming. It was always funny when they stopped sleeping during class (they were really bad about napping during lectures) and poked their heads out, because I would hear people behind me gasp and be like, What is that?!?! - That concludes this interview even as I type this, someone is outside Noras door asking for veterinary advice. It turns out were not so different at heart; were both willing to get mauled in pursuit of our interests, she by vicious animals and I by heavy machinery and segfaults. (Although we try our best to avoid such maulings.) So, to end on a sappy but true cliché that the admissions site has reiterated many times, there is no rote set of actions that makes you a candidate to attend MIT. Just find things you love to do, and do them. Blogger out!

1860-1877 Revolution Due to Social Developments - 1383 Words

Throughout American history, many have worked to make constitutional and social equality for all Americans, slave and free, black and white. Between 1860 and 1877, America had gone through civil war and reconstruction, from destructive to constructive. Hence, there had been many factors that attributed to constitutional and social developments in America history, but the main reasons for the change could attribute to the economic rivalry between the industrial North and the agricultural South and the pivotal gap concerning slavery and the political reconstruction. The United States experienced a great period of constitutional developments from 1860 to 1877 due to the civil war, Emancipation Proclamation, three†¦show more content†¦Congress decided to bypass Johnson and build civil rights into the Constitution. (History Textbook, P431) In June 1866, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment granted blacks citizenship; then in February 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment gave black men the right to vote. Ultimately, the push to secure rights for African Americans were the most significant part of Reconstruction. For the first time in the US history, African Americans were given the right to vote. African American voice for equal rights was finally being heard. â€Å"If we are called on to do military duty against the rebel armies in the field, why should we be denied the privilege of voting against rebel citizens at the ballot-box.† (Document C, 1-2) This was a furious voice by an angry African American. Nevertheless, after the amendments, Document G shows African Americans voting with satisfaction. Ultimately, the push to secure rights for African Americans was the most significant part of Reconstruction, and the abolish of the slavery system even more important to American civilization. The emancipation was only a start of physical freedom. Nevertheless, true freedom would come only with economic independence, the ability to get ahead through hard work. As on Document E, African American started writing to the president,† We want Homesteads; we were promised Homesteads by the government. If it does notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social and Constitutional Development in America (1860-1877)748 Words   |  3 PagesJanuary 13, 2011 1996 DBQ: Social and Constitutional Development in America (1860-1877) During the post-civil war era, America, specifically the south, was undergoing a period of reconstruction. The general goal of reconstruction was to successfully readmit the former Confederacy back into the Union as smoothly as possible, as well as enacting specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. The social and constitutional developments in America between 1860 and 1877 were very minor. The lackRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction Dbq Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod of 1860 and 1877 many major changes occurred. From the beginning of the civil war to the fall of the reconstruction, the United States changed dramatically. Nearly one hundred years after the Declaration of Independence which declared all men equal, many social and constitutional alterations were necessary to protect the rights of all people, no matter their race. These social and constitutional developments that were made during 1860 to 1877 were so drastic it could be called a revolution. Read MoreThe Shaping Of Our Country1092 Words   |  5 PagesThe shaping of our country has been impacted by several different factors, each contributing to it in their own way. Four of the major pivot points that occurred consists of: Jeffersonian democracy, Jacksonian democracy, Civil War/Reconstruction, Revolution/Constitution. 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We Have a Right to Die With Dignity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2351 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Assisted Suicide Essay Did you like this example? A very controversial topic discussed in recent years is physician assisted suicide. The discussion is if it the patient actually has the right to die with the assistance of a physician. Many of the people who oppose physician assisted suicide have arguments based off of religious, moral, and ethical standards. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "We Have a Right to Die With Dignity" essay for you Create order Those who support physician assisted suicide have beliefs that it ends suffering of those who are already dying and they respect ones choice of death. Even physicians are split on this topic, they argue what is the difference between killing and assisted suicide. Physician Assisted suicide is the voluntary termination of ones own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician. Physician-assisted suicide is the practice of providing a competent patient with a prescription for medication for the patient to use with the primary intention of ending his or her own life. For me the main concern with assisted suicide lies with the capability of the terminally ill. Many who are in their last stages of life have begged for a physicians help to end their life. These people who are literally begging to be killed are in suffering a great deal and they believe the only way to end their pain is to kill themselves. When some view this belief some see it in a positive manner and the others see it in a negative manner. For the positives they see it as ending ones suffering, from a diseases or condition without pain. For the negatives, however, assisted suicide is the direct murder of someone. After researching both sides of the topic, I believe that terminally ill patients with the mental capacity to understand what they are doing should be given the right to physician assisted suicide. I believe this because assisted suicide gives terminally ill patients the chance to end their suffering when they want, have a better quality of life, supports free will, is accepted by ethical beliefs and has some benefits. Terminally ill patients are going to end up dying. We have machines that will pump your heart for you and continue to circulate your blood but, as far as technology has come today, no technology will end up saving the terminally ill. No technology will be able save them from the pain they go through and nothing will help relieve the immense amount of pain that these patients experience. As the days go the technology/medicine that is keeping them alive becomes a nuisance. The terminally ill patients lives become worsened and they may even start losing their mental capacity. What type of world is it to live in where everyday another piece of you goes and you get closer to death. Many terminally ill patients dont want to live in a world where they are not able to be themselves and ask their physicians to help end their suffering. Many would rather dictate their terms of when and how they go. They would rather be remembered for someone they were than someone they may become. They rather die being self reliant than dependent on someone else. We should respect their choice and this procedure should be just like any other, one self decides. For example, Charlie and Francie Emerick who suffered from prostate cancer, parkinsons, and heart attacks went through immense amount of pain and asked their physician to end their lives. They were given the euthanasia and passed away together holding hands. Their wish was fulfilled and they dictated the terms of their death and when to end their suffering. Another example is David Goodall, he was 104 and experiencing a number amount of disorders, he was in much pain and on his birthday said he was not happy to be alive. He had to travel to the Netherlands to end his life. He played the music he enjoyed, ate his favorite food, went sightseeing, and was surrounded by the ones who loved him the most. Again his mental and physical being were deteriorating and he dictated when and how he wanted to go. Why should we be able to decide ho w someone wants to live or die. Stephen Hawking stated We dont let animals suffer, so why humans?. If they are in so much pain that they would rather die, we should listen and help these people end their suffering. There are many times where technology is not enough and the pain is too much to handle. Without physician assisted suicide we are just prolonging the suffering of a terminally ill patient and these are one of the reasons physician assisted suicide for the terminally ill must be legalized. As mentioned before the quality of life is very important in this debate about physician assisted suicide. Many of the people who would and do request assisted suicide have a disorder which will make them someone who they are not. They will not be able to act the same or understand what is happening to them. They will lose all mental functions and will be suffering without understanding. This would be just as bad as any physical pain. Michelangelo once said one points with the brain not the hand. This shows that the brain is the most important thing in the body and with an ill fit brain it is hard to live. Brittany Maynard a patient with stage four Glioblastoma multiforme said Ive discussed with many experts how I would die from it, and its a terrible, terrible way to die. Being able to choose to go with dignity is my greatest hope. This statement shows the thought process of many terminally ill patients. They would rather be remembered and go as who they are than someone they might become. Many do not want to be remembered as those who went through a great deal of suffering and were not themselves but remembered as someone who had dignity. Many terminally ill patients who request assisted suicide lost hope that they will ever be able to recover from their illness, and what type of world is it to live in without having something to look forward too. Without hope the brain will become depressed and the patients state of mind will deteriorate. Many terminally ill lose their hope to live and consider themselves useless and burdensomes. No person should ever get to this point and should be give the option leaves this world before it comes to that point. Also many terminally ill patients become recipients of anxiety, from the expensive fees and regret from the family taking care of them. A competent terminally ill patient understands that all of the costs for the hospital will fall on their family and this makes them sad and depressed. According to healthline.org a month at the hospital ranges anywhere from 2,000-10,000 dollars. Many families do not have the funds to cover this cost and will be sent into financial ruin. This cost not only creates anxiety for the terminally ill but also ruins the quality of life for the terminally ill family. If the terminally ill had the option of physician assisted suicide they can help guarantee a better quality of life for them and their family. The right to assisted suicide is also part of our basic rights. Every American has the individual right to make decisions about their own life. When one who is terminally ill, fully understands what they are doing and asks the doctor to help them with suicide the doctor should support them. This is supported by the American Constitution: No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property . Every person that is a citizen of America has the right of free will provided by the constitution. The right to free will includes the right to physician assisted suicide. We are the controllers of our own destiny and fate, and the right to physician assisted suicide allows us to be the full controllers of life. Just to have the option would make people feel better. This is proven by surveys taken in Oregon, one of the few states in America to have physician a ssisted suicide legal. Just the option of assisted suicide makes people feel like they can take every possible route and take time to decide what they really want. Allowing patients the ability to choose physician assisted suicide is shown in a widely set of common ethical principles. The first ethical principle allowing people the right to physician assisted suicide, is respect of autonomy and self-determination. This principle compels us to respect the right of individuals to make their own decisions about their own lives, even their decision on death. The second ethical principle is compassion for our fellow citizens. Patients which are terminally ill will endure an immense amount of pain both mental and physical. The pain the patients experience is unnecessary and can be prevented with physician assisted suicide. Henceforth, making these patients, our fellow citizens, go through this unnecessary suffering is cruel not compassionate. The right to assisted suicide also does not just help the terminally ill patient but can also help many others. It helps the patient leave their problems. Assisted suicide helps the family recover from a tragedy and continue moving on with society. The family will be allowed to say their goodbyes and a not have to see their loved one be in pain. For example, David Goodall, the 104 year old, was in much pain, but before he preformed assisted suicide, he said goodbye to all his family and friends. In the operation room he was surrounded by his immediate family and this in a sort of way is closure for the family. They got to say what they wanted and saw him in his last moments in the world. The procedure of physician assisted suicide may also help complete strangers. For example, there was a 44 year old woman whose brain stem was damaged, she was completely paralyzed and could only communicate by blinking. She was living off machines. She determined this was no way for her to live and a sked for physician assisted suicide. She also made a request before she died and that was for her organs be donated after she passed away. Her request was fulfilled and both her kidneys and liver were harvested and donated to people in need. Today three people lives were changed because of her choice to end her meaningless life and donate her organs. The possibilities could be endless to how many other people lifes could be changed by terminally ill patients ending their life. Organs can be donated to save other peoples lives and allows the family of the terminally ill to say their final goodbyes and closure. People who oppose physician assisted suicide believe the terminally ill do not have the right to end their suffering, have a right to free will, and have a better quality of life. One of the large components to the opposition is that it is not the physicians job to end someones life that physicians are supposed to heal not kill. In contrast to this point, physicians are already familiar with facilitating the death of their patients. Currently all 50 states of America have the right to refuse treatment and be allowed to die. Also all American citizens have the right to be taken off of life support. The only difference between this and assisted suicide is that the patients may go through immense amount of pain by refusing treatment. Another counter to assisted suicide is that it goes against the hippocratic oath. The hippocratic oath is a 2,400 year old document and is it really appropriate standard of evaluation. Modern medicine and technology have already violated the oath by perform ing surgery. The hippocratic oath states one should never cut for stone and to use the knife on a patient. This part of the 2,400 year old oath is completely violated by todays medical procedures, but these medical procedures, such as surgery are required to help the suffering of the patients. Also Dr. Michael J. Strauss states Though many people assume that the oath is still taken, it is rarely administered in its original form, if at all showing the hippocratic oath is not even used in todays medicine. Dr. Robert Olvera also explains The oath also directs physicians, including me, to help the sick. So a modern interpretation of the oath might be: Do what is right for the patient. The inconsistency provided by the hippocratic oath are one of the reason why we can not use the 2,400 year old document to deny the right of assisted suicide to terminally ill patients. Another argument made by the opposers is that physician assisted suicide will lead to a slippery slope. Slippery slope i s by permitting doctors to help certain patients end their lives, members of some groups may die in disproportionately large numbers and may lead to discrimination in the hospital. After analyzing the data in places where assisted suicide is legal the University of Utah found no real evidence of disproportionate cases of physician assisted suicide. Some argue that assisted suicide is the same as murder but the difference between assisted suicide and murder is that murder deprives the victim of meaningful life that they would have experienced, but physician assisted suicide is only used when the patients future holds nothing but additional suffering. Most of the counter arguments presented by the opposite side can be proven wrong or discredited, giving us more of a reason to support physician assisted suicide. In conclusion, I believe that terminally ill patients with the mental capacity to understand what they are doing should be given the right to physician assisted suicide. I believe this because assisted suicide gives terminally ill patients the chance to end their suffering when they want, have a better quality of life, supports free will, is accepted by ethical beliefs and has some benefits. As said by Socrates, Death may be the greatest of all human blessings.

Machiavelli Realism over Idealism Free Essays

Luke Pelagio Due 5/27/2011 Period 4 Machiavelli: Realism Over Idealism Nicolo Machiavelli is known as being an archetypical realist; in other words, he was someone who originated the idea that we should not try to figure out how people should be, but rather accept and deal with the world as it literally is. Unlike Machiavelli, Plato posited an idealist view of a philosopher king reigning through virtue. To Machiavelli, this is an extremely dangerous delusion for it ignores what he considers the reality of the human condition: humans are brutal, selfish, and fickle (Machiavelli and Power Politics). We will write a custom essay sample on Machiavelli: Realism over Idealism or any similar topic only for you Order Now You don’t need a philosopher king to secure off enemies and reinforce order/stability; on the other hand, you need a prince or a leader who understands what it takes to lead. It is better to be feared than loved if you can’t be both. â€Å"Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hated; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women,† (Machiavelli, The Prince). Machiavelli applied force to get what he wanted, but he always kept his hands off the property of others. This is because men more quickly forget the death of their father than the loss of their patrimony (Machiavelli, The prince). In The Prince, Machiavelli demonstrates how to obtain and keep political power. This is what he did using witty tactics. 1 A prince must always pay diligent attention to military circumstances if he wants to reside in power, so the most desirable and beneficial type of army are native troops, composed of one’s own citizens or subjects. The prince has many characteristics that are crucial to his standing in a society such as: it is better to be stingy than generous, it is better to be cruel than merciful, it is better to break promises if keeping them would be against one’s interests, and princes should choose wise advisors rather than flatterers. All these attributes are key to how well a Prince thrives (Public Bookshelf, The Prince). A prince must learn not to be limited to morality when unavoidable; a leader has to be able to use lies, force and deception if required in the world. Whether it is better to be feared or loved clearly addresses the reason for this. You can’t trust people, for they will turn on you. It is inevitable. Human nature means that doing what you must do at all costs according to any moral code simply puts you at a disadvantage. In addition, humans are generally under agreement to throw out such moral concerns if it is to their advantage. â€Å"Men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails,† (Machiavelli, The Prince). This quote perfectly demonstrates Machiavellian realism. First, it is a very opposing and adverse view on human nature. Second, it is realistic and logical. If, by any chance, you are a prince or a leader, and you do not understand the atrocious inherent in 2 men, you will fail. Those who are most ruthless will have power; this is just reality. â€Å"For my part I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious, because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity command her,† (Machiavelli, The Prince). Machiavelli politics is definitely aimed toward the masculine side. It is power and control, so fortune is feminine and more anarchy. If not under control, it will be unstable and chaotic. His influence stretches far beyond Italy in the sixteenth century and lies with us today in how we think/understand the world of international relations. Everything I have read such as: ideas about Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, and Nicolo Machiavelli are all extremely important to my knowledge and insight about political concepts/background. I believe that to be educated one must have familiar knowledge with those who have shaped today’s political society and government. Machiavelli’s ideas, in particular, are used everywhere today. One who has not been informed of Nicolo Machiavelli would be living in ignorance, for that individual would be clueless of how ideas today became what they are/how they are. When President Nixon organized the Watergate Scandal in 1973, the public had 3 no inclination that their leader was capable of such corrupt and unscrupulous means. Nixon, under the impression that his campaign was vulnerable, manipulated for power in the only way he saw fitting, hoodwinking. Take a look at President Truman; he dropped a bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki reaching casualties of 120,000. According to him, survival of the United States was so admonished that the use of such insignificant means was necessary. Even President Obama has his faults. The ideas of hope were what we, the people, needed to hear. It would allow us to be optimistic, and contain a false sense of protection thinking that everything would work out. Barak Obama made many promises; he said everything that we would ever want to hear. However, none of his promises have come true. Maybe in extremely insufficient ways we are approaching the goals of what he promised. This is barely noticeable though. In conclusion, the tactics and ideas formed and created by Nicolo Machiavelli are ingenious. President Obama noticed that Machiavelli’s ideas â€Å"work,† and he used them to his advantage to help him become the President of the United States of America. Lastly, I don’t think that I could live in a Machiavellian-ruled/based society. While the Prince or ruler thrives, the people are lied to and don’t have very much value. One thing is absolute, though: Machiavelli’s ideas can’t be ignored or discarded simply because we do not wish them to be true. We must accept the reality of everything, and do something positive for our country. 4 How to cite Machiavelli: Realism over Idealism, Essay examples

Essay On Sigmund Freud Example For Students

Essay On Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freuds LifePsychoanalysis, method of treating mental illness, was Sigmund Freuds most recognized work. In 1938, Freud was eighty-two years old and was forced to flee to London because he was Jewish. He died the following year with many accomplishments and went through plenty of hardships in his life time. Thats why Sigmund Freud has influenced American politically, socially, and ideology because he changed the countrys perception on how people think, dream, and the things they do. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 in Frieberg, Moravia. Which is present day Czech Republic. Sigmund Freud was the son of Jacob and Amalia Freud. Sigmunds family was Jewish, the population of Frieberg was one hundred and thirty Jews, out of four thousand and five hundred ,and the rest were Catholic. During this time period Jewish people had to move to different countries because they were persecuted or had legal restrictions, banishments or slaughtered. Thats when the Freuds moved to Tysmenite. This was popular for Jews and it was the center to Jewish learning and scholarships. Sigmund had two half brothers from his fathers first marriage. Then Sigmund Freuds parents had another son and named after Amalia brother. The baby died the same way her brother did. After that she zoned away and didnt take care of Sigmund. They hired a maid to take care of things. A couple years later, Jacob and Amalia started to have kids again. They had five daughters and another son. Little bit after that Sigmunds fathers business collapsed and things started to fall downhill for the family. Sigmund Freud did outstanding in school, he received his medical degree from University in 1881. Before he became interested in the medical field, he wanted to study natural science and to solve challenging problems concerning scientists. Sigmund Freud was influenced by many people. Right after Sigmund finished school, he changed his career to a psychiatrists. Between 1885 and 1886 he went to work in a clinic in Paris with Jean Charcot. Then later in 1886 opened a private practice in Vienna. He devoted half an hour everyday to self-analysis. His psychiatric expanded when he became a professor at Vienna University. Sigmunds first book was published in 1895, Studies in Hysteria, the co-author was Josef Breur. The next ten years of Sigmunds life he was working with Josef Breur. In 1908, was the first international Psychoanalytic Congress developed. Sigmund was the president and the meetings we re held at Salzburg. Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts wanted Sigmund Freud to come and get lectures to classes in 1909. Freud has published one hundred and fifty books and five journals in twenty years of his life. In 1930, Sigmund Freud won Goethe Prize for excellence in Prose style. Sigmund Freuds book Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1900 and it was the most known out of all his books. This book enhanced his reputation. Wilhelm Stekel, general medical practitioner, wrote a favorable review in Viennese Newspaper in 1902 about Interpretation of Dreams. Between all this Sigmund Freud got married had six kids and developed cancer in his jaw. He had thirty different operations before he died. We will write a custom essay on On Sigmund Freud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though a lot of people thought that Sigmund Freud came up with some wacky thoughts, some of them were actually decent. For example, saying dreams reveal something important about the dreamer. Also, people in the early 1900s thought that dreams didnt mean anything but refused notions. Sigmund proved that dreams are personal and purposeful. Sources are also found in childhood repressed experiences. These could be traced to unsolved conflicts from children problematic relations with parents. Psychoanalysis is conceiving the conscious coping/adapting part of the mind with another part. Sigmund believes that the mind is a battlefield between past/present, impulse/ inhibition, and the unconscious/ consciousness. Also the cure for mental illness was to cover the unconscious to light. .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde , .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .postImageUrl , .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde , .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:hover , .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:visited , .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:active { border:0!important; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:active , .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u949bc5d55504062f38beaa224e7eefde:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The baroque has been called a theatrical style, on EssaySigmund Freud has made a big difference in psyche. He advanced the study of the mind and how it works. It made people aware of how influential our relationships with others are. He destroyed the rigid divisions between sick/healthy, conscious/unconscious, will/accident, psychology/psychiatry, and philosophy/medicine. What Sigmund Freud thought just didnt effect the medicine profession, it effected everything around also. The medical professions grew larger because of him. He changed the way society thought about and dealt with mental illness. People had a thin line between insane and sane and he changed that. His bigg est influence was Jean-Martin Charcot. People thought mental illness was organic. Mental Illness affected a large proportion of the population. He made the line between insane and sane blurred. Anyone can have a mental illness because of inner conflicts and childhood traumas. Psychoanalysis impacted the practice of psychiatry by medical, academic, and governmental sources. People saw a new way of thinking about why people act the way they do. He showed a new way of interpreting behaviors, motives, desires, and beliefs buried in unconscious that controlled and motivated their conscious thoughts and behavior. Sigmund Freud shaped the 20th century cultural production. He changed writers and artists work because of the brain. Back in the day the only thing that society was concerned about was perfection. If one person was different from everyone else, they would be seen as an outcast to society as if something was wrong with them. Sigmund Freud changed that with all the research and stu dies he did in different fields with different doctors.

Billy Budds lessons in Farewell to the Rights of Man! Essays

Billy Budds lessons in Farewell to the Rights of Man! Essays Billy Budds lessons in Farewell to the Rights of Man! Essay Billy Budds lessons in Farewell to the Rights of Man! Essay Essay Topic: A Farewell to Arms The film presents itself with Billy Budd as a sailor on a ship called the, Rights of Man. A ship from the British Navy is chasing them down as they correctly suspect, to impress men aboard theyre ship to become part of the navy. As we see on the ship, Billy Budd is a very lively, happy character that made everyone happy by singing through his tiring work. Budd is forced upon the HS Avenger where the crew is an unhappy, grumpy lot. Their unhappiness is due mostly to the master at arms, John Claggart. However, Budds jubilant personality brought light and warmth to an otherwise gloomy and cold ship. Budd proceeds to innocently try and become friends with Claggart. Claggart does not trust humans and he thinks that all men are out to get each other. He believe that he had to punish them before they get to him. Budds attempts fail though, and Claggart still treats him horribly and with bitterness. Shortly after, Claggart catches wind of a plot to end his own life, he brings it to the captain and accuses Budd of being the leader in this conspiracy. It seems however, that Claggart is really threatened by Budds apparent talent at making friends and ability to attract people to follow him, causing him to think he could start a mutiny. Mutinys in the year 1797 were a major concern in the British Navy and punishments to any involved were always severe if not the end of their lives. The captain calls both Claggart and Budd to his cabin for questioning. Claggart commences in spewing lies and accusations about Budd. Before Claggart can finish this, Budd, in a fit of anger and loss of words, hits Claggart and kills him with a single blow. This causes a problem for the ships captain, Captain Vere, (meaning truth). He personally did not like Claggart and he understands that Budd had no intention, but he feels that the only just thing to do would be to hang Billy Budd. He assembles a court marshal and they consult about what to do. Vere cannot decide whether to follow his own personal feelings or whether to follow his duty. In the end, they decide that the just thing to do would be to hang Billy Budd. Surprisingly, Budd is very content and does not fight the decision, for he understands what he has done. When Budd goes to be hanged before the crew, they voice their unhappiness, but none step forward to fight for his life. Billy Budd dies in front of the crew peacefully and without last words. Portrayal of the Legal System: This film brings up issues pertaining to Capital Punishment. It seems like an unfavorable portrayal of it, since Budd is such a likeable character. The film makes Claggart seem like a criminal for all the suffering and horrible things he makes the crew got through. But one could argue that he is just fulfilling his duty. The film makes Budd look like a hero, because he makes everyone happy through trying times. The way the Captain handles it is a very realistic approach to the situation. Just like in hammurabis Code, the famous Eye for an Eye, stands true in this. The legal system is presented in a few ways. The master of arms, Claggart is almost like the police. He watches the crew and enforces the laws of the ship. If a law is broken by one of the crew, then he reports it to the Captain who then will decide a punishment for the man. A judge and jury could be compared to the questioning from the captain and then the court marshal where they decide what should be done with Budd. The punishments would be done aboard ship. The crew cannot defend themselves really; their word is not taken as heavily as that of the Master at Arms. Relationship between Legal System and the Individual/Society: The main relationship that was portrayed in this movie was that between Claggart and Billy. This was an obviously strained relationship. Billy was very open to a friendship with Claggart, but Claggart would not have it and deemed it to be impossible. Since Claggart is the legal system, and Billy is the individual this represents one relationship. Another relationship that is key is the relationship between Captain Verre and the code. Captain Verre would like to forgive Billy and to let him go and not press charges, but the code says that Billy should die. This poses a conflict between Verres moral and lawful values. Should he kill Budd as the law tells him to? Or should he let it pass, because he knows Billy is a good person and it was accidental? The Issue/Conflict: The issue/conflict arose when Billy boarded the ship. His jubilant manner contradicted how the master at arms felt sailors should be. He took this attitude as a threat to the order of the ship. He saw Billy as the type of person who would start a mutiny. Claggart felt that Billy was up to something, especially when he attempted being friends with him. It created division, because Claggart cannot trust anyone and thinks Billy Is bad news. It created division, because everything Billy does to make the crew happy, Claggart sees as it as an attempt to turn their backs on the rules and persuade them to do the wrong. The second, more important issue is that of Verre and his decision. It arose through the killing of Claggart and from deciding what Billys punishment should be. Side A says that it is the Captains duty to kill Billy according to the rules and the law. The captain also takes into account the life lost; that although Claggart was a gloomy person, he had the right to live and tha t right was taken away when Billy killed him. Side B would argue that Billy did it by accident and that it was not a malicious kill. Chances are, Billy would not kill again. There is also the chance that people will mutiny if Billy dies. These are the thoughts that run through the Captains mind when he ponders Billys future. The conflict ends with Bills execution through hanging. The Captain deduces that the right choice to make is to kill Billy according to the law, and Billy accepts that. Despite the crews disapproval of the action, the captain has to go through with it. Billy also is very content with the Captains decision, because he understands what he killed a man and that that is a capital punishment. Billy does not hold any bad feelings for feel bitter, because he feels bad about Claggarts death as well. The Message and the Subtext: (I was not clear whether you were referring to the time the book was made, or the time the movie was made) The book was started in 1886 by Herman Melville. During that time Capital Punishment might have been a controversy. This was probably a reflection upon the army and the issue of a persons rights. The army was much more strict in the 1800s than it is not and brutal punishment was not unheard of. However, I suspect that this is not related to the army and just that of how someone should be judged. I think Herman Melvilles intention was to show the conflict between duty and morals. In 1962 this movie was probably related more to the army. In 1967 the United States was in a cold was with Russia and many troops were being deployed through out the world to protect countries. Many men were being court marshaled and many people were being investigated for conspiracy, since it was a largely unpopular war to be in. It probably brought up the issue of killing the enemy. Technically for killing someone, you should die or be severely punished. Even if he/she is the enemy like Claggart, do they have the same rights that we have? This is the type of question that people in the army had to face and had to live through. The Movie, its Message, and You: To me, Billy Budd explored the idea that even though you are not a bad person, you can still be punished for a crime you committed according to the law. This film taught me that many courts are unforgiving and would never forgive a random outburst of anger. This both calms me, and frightens me. It calms me because that means that people, who kill and dont mean to or dont understand their strength and ways, are being put into jail far away from me. But it also frightens me, to think that what if it happened to me and no one is merciful? It also gets me thinking about capital punishment and where it should be applied. Such as, under what circumstances does a person have to kill for their life to be taken away? What type of mental state do they need to have? Does it matter? It arose issues such as this and I left class the last of filming thinking about all of this. I think that this is a semi-accurate portrayal of the legal system. Semi-accurate, because today we have a jury, we have many people who would have defended Billy and others to defend Claggart. Or maybe there would have been a person to defend Jenkins when Claggart ordered him to his post, which led to his death. The portrayal of someone enforcing the law and some sort of court is very accurate though. The court marshal acts as the judge and the jury. The captain calls both men in for questioning before Billy kills Claggart. This is all accurate to how thinks would be help today. Ultimately, they decided to obey the law and kill Billy. However, the issue of Capital Punishment was different throughout all ages. Back in the 1800s there might not have ever been an argument about it, and people rarely questioned the law. It was just a clear yes, he deserves to die or no, he did not commit the crime. Now, people have become more passionate and we understand that there are certain circumst antial and rightful killings. Such as, killing to defend one self. I dont think Billy would be let go completely free. Most likely, they would give him 25 to life now. I think the argument is universally a problem and it always will be. There will always be side A and B who will lock heads and argue whether this punishment is humane or just. Watching this movie in class, it was not terribly exciting, but looking back on all the movies Ive watching in school it was not the worst. I liked the character Billy a lot and how he was cheerful through everything. I thought that generally, the acting was good since bad acting is a pet peeve of mine. What I did not like was the fact that it was in black and white. I really love color to catch my eye and the fact that every color was some variation of a mixture of black and white really annoyed me. The only other thing I can think of was that in man cases, I could not understand what they were saying. Thank god, you deciphered it. Over all, Im sure that if I saw the movie in theaters in 1962 I would have thoughts I got my moneys worth. Billy Budd taught us more than the law though. During the time Billy was aboard this Miserable ship Avenger, he always kept a positive attitude and took the cup half full, approach to any situation. That teaches me that maybe school isnt that bad and maybe I should take things from a different angle instead of seeing all the work involved. I also learned to accept whats for me and what you cant help. Such as this paper, at first I was very reluctant to start a 13-paragraph essay. Thats pretty daunting, but as I rounded my 5th paragraph I knew that I had to do this. This is acceptance, not to the same greatness and peacefulness ad Billys, but still getting there. The third lesson I took from Billy Budd is not to kill someone., because there are always consequences for your actions. Not that I ever considered killing someone, but I mean that it made a big impression on me that in the real world, hey dont care is you have a problem getting the words out so you just punch. There are no s econd chances. So, with me on the road I realize that there is no saying whoops sorry, wont happen again. Theres saying, Please dont tell my parents I got arrested. Its kind of a slap in the face that bad things happen to good people, and good people do bad things to make that true.

A Look At Sumer in Ancient History

A Look At Sumer in Ancient History In about 7200 B.C., a settlement, Catal Hoyuk (Çatal Hà ¼yà ¼k), developed in Anatolia, south-central Turkey. About 6000 Neolithic people lived there, in fortifications of linked, rectangular, mud-brick buildings. The inhabitants mainly hunted or gathered their food, but they also raised animals and stored surplus grains. Until recently, however, it was thought the earliest civilizations began somewhat further south, in Sumer. Sumer was the site of what is sometimes called an urban revolution affecting the entire Near East, lasting about a millennium, and leading to changes in government, technology, the economy, and culture, as well as urbanization, according to Van de Mieroop A History of the Ancient Neareast. Sumers Natural Resources For civilization to develop, the land must be fertile enough to support an expanding population. Not only did early populations need a soil rich in nutrients, but also water. Egypt and Mesopotamia (literally, the land between rivers), blessed with just such life-sustaining rivers, are sometimes referred to together as the Fertile Crescent. The 2 rivers Mesopotamia lay between were the Tigris and the Euphrates. Sumer came to be the name of the southern area near where the Tigris and Euphrates emptied into the Persian Gulf. Population Growth in Sumer When the Sumerians arrived in the 4th millennium B.C. they found two groups of people, the one referred to by archaeologists as Ubaidians and the other, an unidentified Semitic people- possibly. This is a point of contention Samuel Noah Kramer discusses in New Light on the Early History of the Ancient Near East, American Journal of Archaeology, (1948), pp. 156-164. Van de Mieroop says the rapid growth of population in southern Mesopotamia may have been the result of semi-nomadic people in the area settling down. In the next couple of centuries, the Sumerians developed technology and trade, while they increased in population. By perhaps 3800 they were the dominant group in the area. At least a dozen city-states developed, including Ur (with a population of maybe 24,000- like most population figures from the ancient world, this is a guess), Uruk, Kish, and Lagash. Sumers Self-Sufficiency Gave Way to Specialization The expanding urban area was made up of a variety of ecological niches, out of which came fishermen, farmers, gardeners, hunters, and herdsmen [Van de Mieroop]. This put an end to self-sufficiency and instead prompted specialization and trade, which was facilitated by authorities within a city. The authority was based on shared religious beliefs and centered on the temple complexes. Sumers Trade Led to Writing With an increase in trade, the Sumerians needed to keep records. The Sumerians may have learned the rudiments of writing from their predecessors, but they enhanced it. Their counting marks, made on clay tablets, were wedge-shaped indentations known as cuneiform (from cuneus, meaning wedge). The Sumerians also developed monarchy, the wooden wheel to help draw their carts, the plow for agriculture, and the oar for their ships. In time, another Semitic group, the Akkadians, migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the area of the Sumerian city-states. The Sumerians gradually came under the political control of the Akkadians, while simultaneously the Akkadians adopted elements of the Sumerian law, government, religion, literature, and writing. SourcesMost of this introductory article was written in 2000. It has been updated with material from Van de Mieroop, but still depends mainly on the old sources, some of which are no longer available online: (http://loki.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/consorti/1anear.htm) The Middle East Inner Asia: A World Wide Web Research Institute(art-arena.com/iran1.html) MapBlack and white map shows the Near East from 6000-4000 B.C.(wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM) The SumeriansClear, well-written history of the Sumerians, from Richard Hookers World Cultures Site.(eurekanet.com/~fesmitha/h1/ch01.htm) Genesis in SumerFrank Smithas chapter on the Sumerians includes information on education, religion, slavery, the role of women, and more. [Now at Sumer]

Contemporary art and Gabriel Orozco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary art and Gabriel Orozco - Essay Example The paper "Contemporary art and Gabriel Orozco" discovers the Gabriel Orozco in the context of contemporary art. Gabriel art includes sculpture, photography, paint and videos for his artwork. Gabriel’s animals, insects and human body are the crucial subjects in his work. Gabriel started exhibiting his work in art in 1983 where he had solo exhibition in various museums such as Museum of Modern Art among others. He also participated in a variety of art exhibitions including Venice Biennale in Italy, Whitney Biennial as well as Documenta x. Gabriel is famous for his work such as yoghurt caps, working tables, black kites among others that have attracted numerous honors including the blue Orange prize in 2006 and a DAAD artist-in-residence grant in Berlin 1995. Maya Lin is another world re-owned American designer born in 1959. Maya is a well-known artist identified for her art in sculpture and landscape work. Maya’s work encompasses environmental installation, studio artwork , architectural work and memorials connect. Maya tries to depict the world using technological methods to illustrate the natural environment. She uses sculpture and drawings to balance the beauty concept by describing the connection between nature and humans. Maya is famous for her architect of Vietnam Memorial in Washington, which is one crucial public art in the century. Mayas artwork such as Pin River – Yangtze, where the land meets the sea has dominated solo exhibitions in museums for years connect. Maya’s strong connection to the environment.

Civil Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Civil Society - Research Paper Example Therefore a civil society includes: Keeping in view the above scenario, it can be asserted that the role of civil society is extremely important as it plays the role of an umpire that functions to judge the conditions or the society. The different segments of the society which include the market, the state and the households perform their roles in an independent fashion. The civil society is the connecting link between these segments and plays its role to harmonize the interactions that exist between various segments. The reaction of civil society to any undue happening in this interaction is manifested in the form of protest. Kant’s opinion is that there is no universal law that can govern the functioning of all civil societies. Therefore, the development of a law to govern the functioning of a civil society may only regulate the society’s interaction with external factors. According to Kant, if such a universal law and a universal civil society were to exist it would be equal to universal peace. Civil society has also been used typically to develop public reasoning and resistance to forward deliberation and thinking. This process leads to the political process of voting and hence determines individual choices. However, Habermas disagrees; he believes that such open discussion do not always produce optimistic and positive results and can sometimes lead to disruptive influences. He proposes to use control over such debates in public open spaces and freedom of expression should be limited to bringing the society to a good turn. Regulator: the civil society keeps tabs on the State and the marketplace and keeps them in check. It compares their relative performances, their performance worldwide and their performance in accordance with the prevalent laws and brings all the key points of the errors to check and balance. Activist: the element of change

Civil Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Civil Society - Research Paper Example Therefore a civil society includes: Keeping in view the above scenario, it can be asserted that the role of civil society is extremely important as it plays the role of an umpire that functions to judge the conditions or the society. The different segments of the society which include the market, the state and the households perform their roles in an independent fashion. The civil society is the connecting link between these segments and plays its role to harmonize the interactions that exist between various segments. The reaction of civil society to any undue happening in this interaction is manifested in the form of protest. Kant’s opinion is that there is no universal law that can govern the functioning of all civil societies. Therefore, the development of a law to govern the functioning of a civil society may only regulate the society’s interaction with external factors. According to Kant, if such a universal law and a universal civil society were to exist it would be equal to universal peace. Civil society has also been used typically to develop public reasoning and resistance to forward deliberation and thinking. This process leads to the political process of voting and hence determines individual choices. However, Habermas disagrees; he believes that such open discussion do not always produce optimistic and positive results and can sometimes lead to disruptive influences. He proposes to use control over such debates in public open spaces and freedom of expression should be limited to bringing the society to a good turn. Regulator: the civil society keeps tabs on the State and the marketplace and keeps them in check. It compares their relative performances, their performance worldwide and their performance in accordance with the prevalent laws and brings all the key points of the errors to check and balance. Activist: the element of change

Civil Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Civil Society - Research Paper Example Therefore a civil society includes: Keeping in view the above scenario, it can be asserted that the role of civil society is extremely important as it plays the role of an umpire that functions to judge the conditions or the society. The different segments of the society which include the market, the state and the households perform their roles in an independent fashion. The civil society is the connecting link between these segments and plays its role to harmonize the interactions that exist between various segments. The reaction of civil society to any undue happening in this interaction is manifested in the form of protest. Kant’s opinion is that there is no universal law that can govern the functioning of all civil societies. Therefore, the development of a law to govern the functioning of a civil society may only regulate the society’s interaction with external factors. According to Kant, if such a universal law and a universal civil society were to exist it would be equal to universal peace. Civil society has also been used typically to develop public reasoning and resistance to forward deliberation and thinking. This process leads to the political process of voting and hence determines individual choices. However, Habermas disagrees; he believes that such open discussion do not always produce optimistic and positive results and can sometimes lead to disruptive influences. He proposes to use control over such debates in public open spaces and freedom of expression should be limited to bringing the society to a good turn. Regulator: the civil society keeps tabs on the State and the marketplace and keeps them in check. It compares their relative performances, their performance worldwide and their performance in accordance with the prevalent laws and brings all the key points of the errors to check and balance. Activist: the element of change

Contemporary Issues in Leadership

Contemporary Issues in Leadership Leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of others to work willingly and enthusiastically for achieving predetermined goals. It may be seen in terms of relationship between a leader and his followers (individuals / groups) which arises out of their functioning for common goals. The followers work willingly to achieve goal, thus there is no coercive force which induces the followers to work. LEADERS AS Shapers of Meaning Framing Issues. Framing is a way to use language to manage meaning. Its a way for leaders to influence how events are seen and understood. Contemporary roles relating to lead team as managing the conflicts; coaching to improve team member performance; used to serve as troubleshooters. It seems to respond in a group in which they have to participate with the leader. It involves mentor who is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less experienced employee. Leadership can be taught online as it builds trust in the working environment of the organization. Challenges facing to leadership can be on the basis of qualities attributed as leaders are intelligent, ongoing, have strong verbal skills, understanding, are aggressive and industrious. Actually they perceive or project the appearance of being a leader. Many people today are seeking to understand and many people are writing about the concept and practices of leadership.. The concept of leadership is relevant to any aspect of ensuring effectiveness in organizations and in managing change. There has been an explosion of literature about leadership lately. Leading is a very human activity were all human so there are many people who consider themselves experts on leadership. There are a great many reasons for the popularity of the topic, including that organizations are faced with changes like never before. Understanding the concept of leadership requires more than reading a few articles or fantasizing about what great leaders should be. Contemporary issues includes [1] out of the box thinking; [2]leading by example; [3]globalization;[ 4]changing group dynamics; [5]technology; [6]quick decision making; [7]dealing with change and uncertainty; [8]mentoring; [9]ethical behavior; [10] recruiting and retaining quality workers. Now, managerial and leadership effectiveness depends on the ability to gain the trust of the followers. A recent survey in U.S. employees found that only half trusted their senior manager. Also the bad practices of corporations in the U.S. like the leaders of ENRON, WORLDCOM, etc that were accused of engaging in activities like secret loans, insider trading, manipulating profit figures, evading taxes all these has lost the confidence and trust of employees and investors, supplier, customers in senior executives. Unfortunately, many people make strong assertions about leadership without ever really understanding a great deal about leadership. Leaders need basic intelligence and job related knowledge but this is not enough. They are necessary but not sufficient. It is emotional intelligence that makes him a star performer. These are: Self-awareness exhibited by self confidence, realistic self assessment and a sense of humor. Self management. Exhibited by trustworthiness, integrity, and comfort with ambiguity, openness to change. Self motivation: exhibited by strong drive to achieve, optimism, and high organizational commitment. Empathy cross cultural sensitivity, expertise in building talents. ABSTRACT: However, subsequent scientific studies find that leaders are not exceptionally brilliant, splendid speakers or highly energetic. Instead, leaders know how to forge relationships and accomplish tasks. In fact, analysts find that leaders ability to accomplish tasks is even more important than their interpersonal skills. Leadership Personalities Academic studies achieve varied results when they try to isolate the characteristics of effective leaders. In work done in 1948 that is still well-regarded, scholar Ralph Stogdill proposed that leaders have five clusters of characteristics that make them good at leading. The five are: capacity (intelligence, judgment); achievement (knowledge, scholarship); responsibility (dependability, aggressiveness, self control, and desire to excel); participation (activity, sociability, cooperation, adaptability) and status (position, popularity). In 1990, subsequent research identified five more factors that leaders have in common: they are reliable, agreeable, extroverted, and emotionally stable and open to new experiences. Current theory proposes that anyone can become a leader to some degree if he or she can: Be confident about taking action, and controlling his or her life. Use power in pro-social ways that extend beyond personal gain or narcissism. Develop personal vision by seeing the future impact of todays actions. Leaders must have vision, a future view of events. Good leaders have the ability to convey their visions and make the future unfold as they hope it will. This generally begins with writing a vision statement, a process that often goes badly. Commonly, vision statements are confusing. They tend to cite goals that are really associated with strategies and objectives, not vision. To craft an effective vision statement, write a brief, memorable declaration. Then share your vision; make it more tangible by telling stories and using metaphors. Good leaders consistently align their actions with their verbal messages. They see their followers in a positive light, and care about their well being. Strong leaders provide the proper support to help their followers accept new challenges. Leaders assist others in finding meaning in their work and in their lives. Emotional Intelligence Leaders forge relationships with groups or individuals. The individual relationships tend to be more intellectual but, in both cases, good leaders exhibit highly developed emotional or social intelligence. They are self-aware, socially skilled, disciplined and able to deal capably with other people. People with emotional intelligence think before they act, focus on their goals, understand other peoples emotions and have the skill to establish common grounds for discussion. In this instance, scholars concluded that even the most talented executive cannot succeed without emotional intelligence. Some major corporations that wanted to encourage future leaders in their ranks hired psychologists to sort out leadership characteristics. The psychologists found that leaders are smart and have solid, long-term vision, but that their emotional intelligence is twice as important as either intellect or vision. One study shows that companies where the employees have high emotional intelligence earn higher profits. The reverse is also demonstrably true. A workforce marked by a lack of emotional intelligence can mean lower profits. Leaders can learn emotional intelligence. People who know their limitations can plan to avoid stressful situations or to work around events that tug at their weaknesses. One-on-one training is the best way to learn how to improve your emotional intelligence. Such training focuses on correcting undesirable social habits, such as acting impulsively or being a bad listener. Because this process requires people to correct brain-based emotional drives, it is time-consuming. Theory of Leadership Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Definitions more inclusive of followers have also emerged. Alan Keith of Genentech states that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. According to Ken Ogbonnia effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals. Leadership remains one of the most relevant aspects of the organizational context. However, defining leadership has been challenging and definitions can vary depending on the situation. According to Ann Marie E. McSwain, Assistant Professor at Lincoln University, leadership is about capacity: the capacity of leaders to listen and observe, to use their expertise as a starting point to encourage dialogue between all levels of decision-making, to establish processes and transparency in decision-making, to articulate their own values and visions clearly but not impose them. Leadership is about setting and not just reacting to agendas, identifying problems, and initiating change that makes for substantive improvement rather than managing change. The following sections discuss several important aspects of leadership including a description of what leadership is and a description of several popular theories and styles of leadership. This article also discusses topics such as the role of emotions and vision, as well as leadership effectiveness and performance, leadership in different contexts, how it may differ from related concepts (i.e., management), and some critiques of leadership as generally conceived. Trait Theory Trait theory tries to describe the types of behavior and personality tendencies associated with effective leadership. In modern times, Thomas Carlyle (1841) can be considered one of the forerunners of trait theory, seeking to identify the talents, skills and physical characteristics of men who rose to power Although trait theory has an intuitive appeal, difficulties may arise in proving its tenets, and opponents frequently challenge this approach. The strongest versions of trait theory see these leadership characteristics as innate, and accordingly label some people as born leaders due to their psychological makeup. On this reading of the theory, leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders from non-leaders, then training those with potential. In response to criticisms of the trait approach, researchers have begun to assess leader attributes using the leadership attribute pattern approach. Behavioral and style Theories In response to the criticism of the trait approach, theorists began to research leadership as a set of behaviors, evaluating the behavior of successful leaders, determining behavior taxonomy and identifying broad leadership styles. David McClelland, for example, saw leadership skills, not so much as a set of traits, but as a pattern of motives. He claimed that successful leaders will tend to have a high need for power, a low need for affiliation, and a high level of what he called activity inhibition (one might call it self-control The researchers evaluated the performance of groups of eleven-year-old boys under different types of work climate. In each, the leader exercised his influence regarding the type of group decision making, praise and criticism (feedback), and the management of the group tasks (project management) Situational and contingency Theories Situational theory also appeared as a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. This theory assumes that different situations call for different characteristics; according to this group of theories, no single optimal psychographic profile of a leader exists. According to the theory, what an individual actually does when acting as a leader is in large part dependent upon characteristics of the situation in which he functions. Some theorists started to synthesize the trait and situational approaches. The descriptive models of leadership climates, defining three leadership styles and identifying in which situations each style works better. The authoritarian leadership style, for example, is approved in periods of crisis but fails to win the hearts and minds of their followers in the day-to-day management; the democratic leadership style is more adequate in situations that require consensus building; finally, the laissez faire leadership style is appreciated by the degree of freedom it provides, but as the leader does not take charge, he can be perceived as a failure in protracted or thorny organizational problems. Thus, theorists defined the style of leadership as contingent to the situation, which is sometimes classified as contingency theory. Four contingency leadership theories appear more prominently in the recent years: Fiedler contingency model, Vroom-Yetton decision model, the path-goal theory, and t he Hersey-Blanchard situational theory. Functional Theory Functional leadership theory is a particularly useful theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leaders main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done their job well when they have contributed to group effectiveness and cohesion (Fleishman et al., 1991; Hackman Wageman, 2005; Hackman Walton, 1986). While functional leadership theory has most often been applied to team leadership (Zaccaro, Rittman, Marks, 2001), it has also been effectively applied to broader organizational leadership as well (Zaccaro, 2001). In summarizing literature on functional leadership (see Kozlowski et al. (1996), Zaccaro et al. (2001), Hackman and Walton (1986), Hackman Wageman (2005), Morgeson (2005)), Klein, Zeigert, Knight, and Xiao (2006) observed five broad functions a leader performs when promoting organisations effectiveness. These functions include: (1) environmental monitoring, (2) organizing subordinate activities, (3) teaching and coaching subordinates, (4) motivating others, and (5) intervening actively in the groups work. Leader as a communicator the framing Framing is a way of communicating to shape meaning. Its a way for leaders to influence how others see and understand events. Selecting and highlighting one or more events while excluding others. It is the ability of the leader to influence others to act beyond their self interests Two contemporary theories of leadership with a common theme. Charismatic leadership Transformational leadership Charismatic Leadership The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. The searchlight of attention It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of attention in scanning and reading their environment, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and larger audiences. They then will hone their actions and words to suit the situation. Pulling all of the strings Charismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice assiduously at developing their skills. They may engender trust through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body language as well as verbal language. Deliberate charisma is played out in a theatrical sense, where the leader is playing to the house to create a desired effect. They also make effective use of storytelling, including the use of symbolism and metaphor. Many politicians use a charismatic style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. If you want to increase your charisma, studying videos of their speeches and the way they interact with others is a great source of learning. Religious leaders, too, may well use charisma, as do cult leaders. Leading the team Charismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others. The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identify of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they create an unchallengeable position for themselves. Key characteristics of charismatic leadership Vision and articulation; Sensitivity to the environment; Sensitivity to member needs; Personal risk taking; Performing unconventional behavior Vision and articulations Has a vision Expressed as an idealized goal The goal proposes a future better than the status quo Is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others. Personal risk Willing to take on high personal risk Incur high costs Engage in self sacrifice to achieve the vision Sensitivity to followers needs Perspective of others abilities Responsive to others needs and feelings. Unconventional behavior Engages in behaviors in behaviors that are novel and counter to norms. Personality of charismatic leaders Extraverted Self confident Achievement oriented Articulate an over arching goal Communicate high performance expectations Empathize the needs of their followers Project a powerful confident and dynamic presence Captivating and engaging voice tone Three step process of becoming a charismatic leader An individual needs to develop an aura of charisma by maintaining an optimistic view, using passion as a catalyst for generating enthusiasm and communicating with the whole body, not just with words. .An individual draws others in by creating a bond that inspires others to follows. . An individual brings out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions. Charismatic Leadership Issues People following these leaders will be exerting extra effort, express greater satisfaction. Charismatic effectiveness and situation Charisma works best when: The followers task has an ideological component There is a lot of stress and uncertainty in the environment The leader is at the upper level of the organization Followers have low self-esteem and self-worth Dark Side of Charisma Ego-driven charismatic allow their self-interest and personal goals to override the organizations goals Very effective leaders who possess the four typical leadership traits: Individual competency Team skills Managerial competence Ability to stimulate others to high performance Plus one critical new trait A blend of personal humility and professional will Personal ego-needs are focused toward building a great company Take responsibility for failures and give credit to others for successes Prided them on developing strong leaders inside the firm who could direct the company to greater heights after they were gone. Transactional and transformational Theories The transactional leader (Burns, 1978) is given power to perform certain tasks and reward or punish for the teams performance. It gives the opportunity to the manager to lead the group and the group agrees to follow his lead to accomplish a predetermined goal in exchange for something else. Power is given to the leader to evaluate, correct and train subordinates when productivity is not up to the desired level and reward effectiveness when expected outcome is reached. The transformational leader (Burns, 1978) motivates its team to be effective and efficient. Communication is the base for goal achievement focusing the group on the final desired outcome or goal attainment. This leader is highly visible and uses chain of command to get the job done. Transformational leaders focus on the big picture, needing to be surrounded by people who take care of the details. The leader is always looking for ideas that move the organization to reach the companys vision. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Ten Lessons for Leaders and Leadership Developers In the early 1980s we set upon a quest to discover what it took to become a leader. We wanted to know the common practices of ordinary men and women when they were at their leadership bestwhen they were able to take people to places they had never been before. Strategies, tactics, skills, and practices are empty (or worse yet, manipulative and exploitative) unless we understand the fundamental human aspirations that connect leaders and constituents. Leadership is certainly not conveyed in a gene, and its most definitely not a secret code that cant be understood by ordinary folks. Our analysis of thousands of cases and surveys from over a dozen years of research has revealed a consistent pattern of exemplary leader- ship practices and fundamental constituent expectations. But knowing that the portrait emerging from the study of personal-best leadership experiences was only a partial picture, we also explored the expectations that the constituents have of people they would be willing to follow. What weve learned from studies specifically with college student leaders over the past five years has only strengthened our fundamental appreciation that Leadership is not a mysterious, mystical, or ethereal conceptone that is somehow beyond the scope and imagination of the vast majority of people. Our research has shown us that leadership is an observable, learnable set of practices. Indeed, the belief that leadership cant be learned is a far more powerful deterrent to development than is the nature of the leadership. Where Are Our Future Leaders? Who will lead us into the twenty-first century? It is time for us to decide. A generation ago the objective of African-American activists was to destroy racial segregation and integrate mainstream political and economic institutions. Instead we must recognize that one of the root causes of our divisions and social unrest is an absence of creative, dynamic leadership. Oppressed people need leaders to liberate them. Many of us accomplished these goals. But despite examples of individual success, there remains a simmering leadership crisis that can split our community apart. This common experience of racial oppression gave us a sense of solidarity and interdependence. Black physicians depended on Black patients; Black lawyers and accountants served Black clients. With desegregation, many affluent African-Americans moved from the ghetto into integrated suburbs. Graduates of Howard and Spelman now end their children to Harvard and Swarthmore. In the cities, our sense of community has gradually deteriorated. Millions of our young people are trapped in a destructive web of inferior schools, violence, drugs, and unemployment. Historically the social classes in the Black community were bound together by Jim Crow segregation laws. Blacks on welfare and Black Ph.D.s alike were ordered to the back of the bus or denied work because of their race. We cant depend on the political systemthe Democrats or Republicansor the corporate world to solve our problems; all too often their policies have contributed to them. These leaders must be women and men with vision who have the capacity to articulate the common grievances and goals of the community. How Women Can Find Mentors in a World with Few Role Models Do women have a tougher time finding mentors than men? Thats what women managers tell me, time and again. The rest must find their own mentors. Heres some advice. (Minorities and others who have trouble finding role models in upper management can learn about creative ways to build mentoring relationships, as well.) Few women hold positions of power, the story goes. Meanwhile, members of the predominant mentoring classwhite malesare too busy seeking clones of themselves. And this serves as an effective barrier to top-level jobs. So whats to be done? A number of local and even national programs are increasing mentoring opportunities for women, but they only reach a handful of those needing guidance. Wanted: Company Change Agents The most sought-after person in todays workplace is someone known as a change leader, a new breed of middle manager whos in short supply. Very different from your run-of-the-mill general managers, these mavericks get big results when you need them. They are focused, determined, willing to break rules, and great at motivating their troops. But how do you identify these people in your organization? How do you build a cadre of such quirky but essential agents of change? McKinsey Co. director Jon R. Katzenbach has some answers. For the past three years he and a team of six McKinsey partners have been studying middle-manager change agents at organizations from Compaq Computer to Mobil to the New York City Transit. The fruit of this research is the forthcoming book Real Change Leaders. Katzenbach recently sat down with Stratford Sherman, a member of Fortunes board of editors, to discuss what he learned. Why are midlevel change leaders so important to todays organizations? For some time now companies have wanted to change the behaviors and skills of large numbers of their employees. Theyre not, however, very good at that yet. I dont see many victories; I dont think even GE would claim complete victory. You can create a good program-like [former CEO] John Akerss plan in the early 1990s to transform IBMbut it doesnt work. Something goes wrong in the middle ranks of the company, and all the admonitions from the top dont get through. For large-scale transformations, you need a critical mass of change leaders in the middle of the organization. DATA TOOLS: Leadership and emotions Leadership can be perceived as a particularly emotion-laden process, with emotions entwined with the social influence process. In an organization, the leaders mood has some effects on his/her group. These effects can be described in following method: The mood of individual group members. The leaders transmit their moods to other group members through the mechanism of emotional contagion. Mood contagion may be one of the psychological mechanisms by which charismatic leaders influence followers. Group members with leaders in a positive mood experience more positive mood than do group members with leaders in a negative mood. The affective tone of the group. Group affective tone is an aggregate of the moods of the individual members of the group and refers to mood at the group level of analysis. Groups with leaders in a positive mood have a more positive affective tone than do groups with leaders in a negative mood. Group affective tone represents the consistent or homogeneous affective reactions within a group. Group processes like coordination, effort expenditure, and task strategy. Public expressions of mood impact how group members think and act. For example, expressions of positive moods by leaders signal that leaders deem progress toward goals to be good. The group members respond to those signals cognitively and behaviorally in ways that are reflected in the group processes. When people experience and express mood, they send signals to others. Leaders signal their goals, intentions, and attitudes through their expressions of moods. In research about client service, it was found that expressions of positive mood by the leader improve the performance of the group, although in other sectors there were other findings. Beyond the leaders mood, his behavior is a source for employee positive and negative emotions at work. Examples feedback giving, allocating tasks, resource distribution. Since employee behavior and productivity are directly affected by their emotional states, it is imperative to consider employee emotional responses to organizational leaders Emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in organizations. Leadership is about being responsible. The leader creates situations and events that lead to emotional response. Certain leader behaviors displayed during interactions with their employees are the sources of these affective events. Leaders shape workplace affective events. Leadership styles Leadership styles refer to a leaders behavior. It is the result of the philosophy, personality and experience of the leader. Dictator Autocratic Participative Laissez Fair Dictator Leaders A leader who uses fear and threats to get the jobs done. As similar with a leader who uses an autocratic style of leadership, this style of leader also makes all the decisions. Autocratic or Authoritarian Leaders Under the autocratic leadership styles, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader as shown such leaders are dictators. They do not entertain any suggestions or initiative from subordinates. The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manger. It permits quick decision-making as only one person decides for the whole group, and keeps it to them until they feel it is needed by the rest of the group. An autocratic leader does not trust anybody. Participative or Democratic Leaders The democratic leadership style favors decision-making by the group as shown, such as leader gives instruction after consulting the group. He can win the cooperation of his group and can motivate them effectively and positively. The decisions of the democratic leader are not unilateral as with the autocrat because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them. Laissez Faire or Free Rein Leaders A free rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely to itself as shown; such a leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates. They are given a freehand in deciding their own policies and methods. Free rein leadership style is considered better than the authoritarian style. But it is not as effective as the democratic style. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Transactional Leaders Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements Transformational Leaders Inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization; they can have a profound and extraordinary effect on followers Not opposing, but complementary, approaches to leadership Great transformational leaders must also be transactional; only one type is not enough for success Characteristics of the Two Types of Leaders Transactional Contingent Reward: Contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments Management by Exception: Active: Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action Passive: Intervenes only if standards are not met Laissez-Faire: Abdi